AYSHA SAEED; DR. NAEEM QAISER AL-AZHARI; RUBAB FATMA. بعثتِ نبوی سے قبل عرب معاشرت اور قبائلی نظام: مذہبی، سماجی، سیاسی، معاشی اور اخلاقی اثرات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ: This version adds more fluidity to the title while keeping the focus on the analytical study of the key aspects of pre-Islamic Arab society and the tribal system. International Research Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, [S. l.], v. 4, n. 2, p. 289–300, 2024. Disponível em: https://irjais.com/index.php/irjais/article/view/299. Acesso em: 14 dec. 2025.